Introduction:
In our previous article, "The Apple of Discord: When Leadership Sows Strife," we critically examined the Dark Tetrad — four inherently harmful leadership traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism. Although these traits may lead to short-term gains, they are fundamentally self-serving and destructive, damaging colleagues, organisations, and the individuals who exhibit them. The Dark Tetrad traits are more than merely negative; they are morally corrosive, eroding trust, integrity, and the core principles of effective leadership and high-performing organisational cultures. This article will focus on completing the Dark Tetrad picture through a detailed exploration of psychopathy and narcissism, shedding light on how these traits undermine leadership and destabilise organisations.
We previously explored the defining characteristics of Machiavellians and sadists: Machiavellianism is marked by clever manipulation, strategic planning, and a focus on personal gain, often at the expense of ethical considerations. Sadism, on the other hand, is driven by a desire to inflict suffering — both physical and psychological — on others. In leadership, these traits manifest as a relentless pursuit of control, often creating toxic environments where cruelty is normalised and empathy is absent.
The characteristics of the Dark Tetrad often blur together, making it challenging to determine whether a leader is primarily a narcissist, a psychopath, or embodies multiple dark personality patterns simultaneously. All Dark Tetrad types share core characteristics, including moral flexibility, profound self-interest, a lack of empathy, and a propensity for manipulation. As a result, categorisation relies on subtle distinctions, defined by the degree of presence or absence of traits unique to each Dark Tetrad category — such as the sadist's distinct drive to inflict suffering.
The complexity of identification deepens when attempting to judge the motivations or outcomes of a leader's actions within the Dark Tetrad. For instance, Machiavellians can act as catalysts for change, often challenging norms and authority through cunning. Much like the Trickster Archetype, their motives are seldom straightforward, and their actions can be helpful as well as harmful. Take Loki, for example — was his idea of binding Fenrir truly to aid the Norse gods, or was it a calculated move to further incite Fenrir's rage, leading to Odin's demise [1]? We argued that all these traits are morally bankrupt and cost significantly. The actual danger, however, lies not just in their overt expressions but in recognising their more insidious manifestations — how subtly they can infiltrate leadership and cause psychological harm — gradually eroding the ethical foundations of an organisation.
With the foundational understanding of Machiavellianism and sadism established, let us turn our attention to narcissism and psychopathy. Narcissism, with its inherent need for admiration and grandiosity, and psychopathy, characterised by a cold-blooded disregard for others, both present unique challenges in leadership. By examining these traits through the lens of mythological figures such as Achilles, Medea, and the Pied Piper, we will further explore how these characteristics manifest in leaders and the implications for colleagues and organisations.
The Narcissist Archetype
Achilles
Achilles, the legendary Greek hero of the Trojan War, is best known for his unmatched battlefield prowess and tragic death, as detailed in Homer's Iliad. He is the son of Peleus, king of Pythia, and Thetis, a sea nymph [2]. Achilles' life is marked by a prophecy that foretells either a long, uneventful life or a short, glorious one [3][4].
Because of the prophecy, Thetis attempts to make Achilles invulnerable by dipping him in the River Styx [5]. However, as she dunks him in the water, she holds him by the heel, leaving that one spot unprotected. Achilles is subsequently raised by Chiron, the wise centaur, who teaches him the arts of war and healing, fostering a deep sense of bravery, honour and discipline that defines his more positive attributes in the Trojan War [6].
When the Trojan War begins, Achilles is hidden by his mother on the island of Skyros, disguised as a girl among King Lycomedes' daughters. Odysseus, seeking to recruit Achilles due to his growing reputation and the prophecy by Calchas that Troy cannot fall without him, devises a plan to expose the warrior [7]. He places weapons among gifts for the princesses, and Achilles, drawn to a sword and shield, exposes his true identity. Despite knowing it will lead to his early death, Achilles sets sail for Troy with Pythia’s Myrmidons, elite warriors known for their discipline and loyalty, driven by his desire for eternal glory.
Upon landing at Troy, Achilles wastes no time in proving his prowess. He leads the Myrmidons in numerous battles, quickly establishing a fearsome renown. His unmatched combat skill and determination make him the Greeks' most valuable warrior. Early victories, including the defeat of Cycnus, son of Poseidon, spread fear among the Trojans and solidifies Achilles' reputation.
In one of many raids on Trojan-allied cities, Achilles captures Briseis, a noblewoman, as a war prize [8]. Their relationship deepens over time, with Achilles treating her with respect, a stark contrast to the brutality of war. As Achilles' reputation grows, so does Agamemnon's wariness [9]. Agamemnon is the leader of the Greek army and fearing Achilles' rising influence, he demands Briseis as compensation when he is forced to return his own war prize [10]. This move is a calculated effort to diminish Achilles' standing. Feeling a direct attack on his honour and status, Achilles withdraws from battle, a decision that significantly weakens the Greek forces. Achilles' withdrawal from battle demonstrates his profound self-importance and willingness to let others suffer to protect his pride.
During Achilles' absence, the Trojans gain the upper hand. Desperate, Patroclus, Achilles' closest companion, dons Achilles' armour and leads the Greeks into battle [11]. Though he fights valiantly, Patroclus is killed by Hector, the Trojan prince [12][13]. Achilles is overcome with grief and guilt but this grief quickly turns into an all-consuming rage. His sorrow is not only for the loss of his friend but also for the blow to his ego — guilt at the death of Patroclus which is a direct consequence of Achilles' prideful refusal to fight.
In his grief and fury, Achilles vows to avenge Patroclus' death by killing Hector. He sets aside his quarrel with Agamemnon and rejoins the battle with renewed determination [14]. A relentless savagery marks Achilles' return to the battlefield as he slaughters countless Trojans. Achilles finally confronts Hector outside the gates of Troy, and the two warriors engage in a fateful duel. Hector, realising his impending death, tries to strike a deal with Achilles, offering to return his body to his family should he fall. Achilles, driven by a desire for vengeance, refuses any such offer. He kills Hector with a spear to the neck, and in his wrath, he desecrates Hector's body by dragging it behind his chariot around the walls of Troy.
Achilles, showing a lack of empathy and respect, continues to drag Hector's body around Patroclus' funeral pyre for twelve days, refusing to return it to the Trojans for a proper burial. This act of vengeance, to humiliate and assert his dominance, is seen as excessively cruel by the gods, leading to divine intervention. Zeus commands Achilles to return Hector's body. When King Priam, Hector's father, comes to plead for his son's remains, Achilles, moved by Priam's grief and humility, allows the return of Hector's corpse.
Subsequently, Achilles continues to fight with the same relentless fury that has defined his life — his anger and thirst for glory remain undiminished. His destiny, however, is inevitable. While fighting outside the gates of Troy, Paris, Hector's brother, guided by Apollo, strikes Achilles in his only vulnerable spot — his heel — with a poisoned arrow, fulfilling the prophecy that has haunted Thetis since Achilles’ birth [15].
Achilles' death marks a turning point in the Trojan War. The Greek forces are weakened without their greatest warrior, but their resolve only hardens. In the aftermath of Achilles' fall, the Greeks devise a final plan — the Trojan Horse. This strategy will soon bring about the fall of Troy, sealing Achilles' legacy as the greatest warrior of the Trojan War. Still, his story is also a reminder of the destructive power of pride and the relentless pursuit of glory
Achilles’ Narcissism Explained
Achilles exemplifies the core traits of narcissism, including grandiosity, an insatiable need for admiration, an inability to accept criticism, a sense of entitlement, lack of empathy, arrogance, power over others and fragile self-esteem. Convinced of his status as the greatest Greek warrior — a belief reinforced by prophecy and the admiration of the Greek army — Achilles' actions are driven by his overwhelming desire for eternal glory, as seen in his choice to join the Trojan War despite knowing it would lead to his early death [16]. Grandiosity is a cornerstone of Achilles' personality, as it is for other narcissists.
His need for admiration is apparent in his reaction to perceived slights against his honour. Achilles' conflict with Agamemnon, which began with his refusal to follow orders and his hypersensitivity to criticism, escalates when Agamemnon demands Briseis. Consumed by the humiliation of a public blow to his status, Achilles withdraws from battle in a calculated attempt to force others to acknowledge his worth — a reaction akin to a child throwing a tantrum. His sense of entitlement is evident in his belief that his unparalleled skills merit special treatment. When this is not afforded, he sees no issue in withholding his support, leading to the death of his closest friend and the suffering of many of his soldiers.
Achilles' arrogance and haughty attitude are also evident in his interactions with allies and enemies. He dismisses Agamemnon's authority and openly challenges him, believing his battlefield prowess places him above others' commands. This arrogance extends to his treatment of Hector's body after killing him. By dragging Hector's corpse around the walls of Troy and refusing to return it for burial, Achilles demonstrates a profound lack of empathy, driven by a need to humiliate and assert his power over others, with no consideration for the pain he is causing.
Despite his outward displays of confidence and power, Achilles' reaction to Agamemnon's demand for Briseis reveals the fragile self-esteem beneath his grandiosity. His extreme response to losing Briseis highlights how deeply his self-worth is tied to external validation. This fragility fuels his rage and sense of betrayal, leading to actions that are as much about protecting his ego as avenging his pride.
Donald Trump: An Archetypical Narcissist Leader
Donald Trump, a businessman turned politician, served as the 45th President of the United States. Known for his brash style, media presence, and unorthodox approach to leadership, Trump has remained a polarising figure on the global stage. His rise to power was marked by his ability to captivate and galvanise a significant portion of the American electorate. Trump exemplifies the core traits of narcissism, including grandiosity, an insatiable need for admiration, an inability to accept criticism, a sense of entitlement, lack of empathy, arrogance, a desire for power over others, and fragile self-esteem, making him a fitting modern example to explore within this context.
Trump's grandiosity is evident in his perception of himself as an extraordinary leader, often claiming that no one can accomplish tasks as well as he can. The unwavering support of his base bolsters this belief in his exceptionalism.
His need for admiration is visible in his reactions to perceived slights or criticisms. Trump often responds aggressively to challenges to his authority or reputation through social media tirades or public statements. His actions are typically designed to force others to acknowledge his worth and importance, reflecting a deep need for validation.
Trump's sense of entitlement manifests in his expectation of unwavering loyalty from those around him. When this loyalty is not provided, Trump feels justified in retaliating, often through public criticism or dismissal. This entitlement also drives his tendency to prioritise his interests over those of others, as reflected in his challenge to the legitimacy of the result following his defeat in the last Presidential election.
Arrogance and a haughty attitude are prominent in Trump's interactions with allies and adversaries. His frequent dismissal of established norms and open challenges to conventional authority reflect his belief in his superiority. This arrogance is evident in his proclivity to adopt a confrontational stance, convinced of his negotiating prowess.
Trump's lack of empathy can be observed in his dismissive attitude toward those who do not serve his interests, as seen in his attacks on political opponents.
Finally, a fragile self-esteem lies beneath Trump's displays of confidence and power. His extreme reactions to criticism and his need for constant validation reveal how deeply his self-worth is tied to external approval. This fragility fuels his combative and defensive behaviour as he seeks to protect his ego and maintain his image, often at the expense of others.
Implications of Narcissistic Leaders in Organisations
Narcissistic leaders may achieve personal success due to their projected confidence and assertiveness, often leading to promotions and higher salaries. However, this success comes at a significant cost. Their self-serving nature drives them to take credit for team achievements while shifting blame for failures, which stifles performance, destroys team morale and leads to high turnover. Narcissists suppress performance by surrounding themselves with yes-men, rejecting honest feedback, and preventing others from shining. Their lack of humility and focus on personal glory create a toxic environment that erodes trust and undermines organisational health. Despite any individual success, the long-term impact of narcissistic leadership weakens the organisation's overall performance and stability, eventually derailing their careers.
The Psychopathic Archetype
Having explored narcissism through the exemplars of Achilles and Donald Trump, let us turn our attention to psychopathy, particularly within the context of leadership. Psychopathy is challenging to address due to the existence of both high- and low-functioning psychopaths; while traits like boldness can support success, others like disinhibition often lead to criminality. We will delve into the psychopathic archetype through the myths of Medea and the Pied Piper.
Medea
Medea is a shadowy and enigmatic figure from Greek mythology, most renowned for her role in the tale of Jason and the Argonauts. Medea is a powerful sorceress; her story intertwines with themes of betrayal and revenge.
Jason is the rightful heir to the throne of Iolcus. However, his uncle, Pelias, usurps the throne, forcing Jason into exile as a child. Raised by the wise centaur Chiron, Jason grows into a skilled warrior. When he reaches adulthood, he returns to Iolcus to claim his birthright. Pelias, threatened by Jason's claim, agrees to relinquish the throne if Jason can retrieve the Golden Fleece from the distant land of Colchis.
Jason accepts the challenge and assembles a group of Greece's greatest heroes, the Argonauts [17]. They embark on a perilous journey aboard the ship Argo, facing numerous trials, including encounters with the Harpies, the Clashing Rocks, and the Stymphalian birds [18] [19].
They eventually reach Colchis, where the Golden Fleece is guarded by a fearsome dragon and protected by powerful magic. Jason seeks the favour of King Aeëtes, who is unwilling to part with the Golden Fleece. The king sets Jason a series of impossible tasks, expecting him to fail. Then, Jason encounters Medea, the king's daughter, a sorceress of great power. Struck by an arrow from Eros, Medea falls deeply in love with Jason [20]. Her passion is intense, and she resolves to help him succeed.
The first task set by King Aeëtes requires Jason to yoke two fire-breathing bulls. Medea defies her father and provides Jason with a magical potion that renders him invulnerable to the bulls' fiery breath and immense strength. After successfully yoking the bulls, Jason faces the challenge of sowing a field with dragon's teeth, from which spring forth an army of fierce warriors. Medea, ever resourceful, advises Jason to throw a rock among the warriors, causing them to turn on each other in confusion, allowing him to complete the task unscathed. Her most significant act of betrayal comes when she helps Jason obtain the Golden Fleece. Guarded by a sleepless dragon, Medea uses her magic to lull the creature into a deep slumber, enabling Jason to seize the fleece without resistance.
The Argonauts make their escape under the cover of darkness. Enraged by the loss of the Golden Fleece and Medea's betrayal, King Aeëtes launches a relentless pursuit. In a desperate attempt to slow her father's chase, Medea takes her young brother, Absyrtus, who has fled with them, and brutally kills him. She then dismembers his body and scatters the parts in the sea, knowing that her father will have to stop his fleet to recover them. This brutal act buys the Argonauts the precious time they need to escape.
Their return to Iolcus includes further challenges, including overcoming the Sirens, Talos, Scylla, and Charybdis, all of which are made more perilous by the gods' desire for retribution for the death of Absyrtus. The Argonauts rely on Medea's magic to navigate these dangers and reach home safely [21] [22].
Upon returning to Iolcus with the Golden Fleece, Jason expects to reclaim his throne from his usurping uncle, Pelias, as promised. However, despite Jason fulfilling his part of the bargain, Pelias refuses to relinquish power. Medea seeks revenge because of her love for Jason and her ambition. She deceives Pelias' daughters into believing she can restore their ageing father to youth. Convincing them to dismember Pelias and place his body in a cauldron, she promises rejuvenation. The daughters, trusting Medea's false assurances, comply. However, Medea has no intention of reviving Pelias, ensuring his permanent death.
With Pelias dead, Jason and Medea face a fierce backlash from the outraged people of Iolcus. Although Jason has a legitimate claim to the throne, public anger makes their position untenable. Fearing for their safety, Jason and Medea flee to Corinth.
In Corinth, Jason and Medea are well-regarded and initially live a prosperous life, but Jason's ambition soon leads him to pursue a marriage with Glauce, the daughter of King Creon. Devastated, Medea crafts a plan for revenge. She sends Glauce a stunning robe as a wedding gift, laced with a deadly poison. When Glauce dons the robe, it bursts into flames, killing her and her father, Creon, in a horrific blaze.
Medea's vengeance reaches its darkest point when she turns on her children. In an act of unspeakable cruelty, she lures their sons into the palace under the pretence of a final, loving gesture. Once inside, Medea murders them, stabbing them with ruthless efficiency [23]. The brutality of her children's murder is designed to inflict the maximum emotional pain on Jason. Medea flees Corinth in a chariot drawn by dragons, evading the wrath of those she has wronged and leaving Jason to suffer the traumatising consequences of her actions [24]. Jason, now alone and broken, spends the remainder of his life in despair, haunted by the memories of his lost family.
After fleeing Corinth, Medea marries King Aegeus of Athens and bears a son, Medus. However, her dark nature persists. When Theseus, Aegeus' son from a previous marriage, returns to Athens as the rightful heir, Medea fears for her son's ascension and plots to murder Theseus [25]. Her attempt to poison him fails, leading to her expulsion from Athens and to a life of obscurity.
Medea’s Psychopathy Explained
Medea is a vivid embodiment of the psychopathic archetype, displaying a range of traits that defines this dark personality type. These include boldness, coldness and callous manipulation, dishonesty, poverty of emotions, lack of concern for consequences, and a tendency toward risky and impulsive behaviour. Medea is a powerful yet profoundly unsettling figure whose emotional detachment and extreme measures to achieve her goals paint a disturbing picture of psychopathy.
Medea's boldness is evident in her fearless actions. Her decision to betray her father, King Aeëtes, by assisting Jason in his quest for the Golden Fleece, and later, her shocking murder of her brother, demonstrate an audacity that defies normal social and familial bonds. This boldness is driven by a deep emotional detachment that allows her to act unethically and take extreme risks without fear or remorse for the consequences.
Central to Medea's psychopathic nature is her coldness and callous manipulation. She consistently exploits those around her to further her ends, showing no regard for the emotional or physical well-being of others. This is most evident in her manipulation of Pelias' daughters, deceitfully convincing them that she can restore their father's youth, leading them to dismember him in a misguided act of devotion. Similarly, Medea manipulates her father, King Aeëtes, by scattering the dismembered remains of her brother, forcing him to abandon his pursuit to gather the pieces. These actions highlight her ruthless, self-serving, and manipulative nature, regardless of the cost to others.
Dishonesty is a cornerstone of Medea's character. She relies on deceit throughout her narrative by directly lying and deliberately omitting critical truths. For instance, when she manipulates Pelias' daughters into murdering their father, she withholds her plans from Jason, ensuring that he remains unaware and unable to intervene. This selective dishonesty is a fundamental aspect of her personality. It allows her to control and manipulate those around her, keeping them in the dark about her motives and actions.
The most disturbing trait Medea exhibits is her poverty of emotions, most shockingly illustrated in her decision to murder her children. This act, designed to inflict the greatest possible pain on Jason, is carried out with a chilling lack of remorse. Medea's ability to commit such a heinous crime without being swayed by maternal instincts highlights her severe emotional detachment, a hallmark of psychopathy.
Medea's lack of concern for consequences and her propensity for risky and impulsive behaviours are equally significant in her portrayal as a psychopath. Her actions, particularly the murders of her brother, Jason’s uncle Pelias, and her children, demonstrate a complete disregard for the long-term repercussions. Medea's decisions are often driven by immediate emotional responses — such as her rage and desire for revenge — rather than any consideration for future outcomes. This reckless impulsivity destroys those around her and contributes to her eventual isolation and downfall. Her impulsive nature and disregard for consequences make her actions spiral out of control, leaving her alienated and without power.
While Medea exemplifies many of the primary traits of psychopathy, one characteristic that is less emphasised in her story is superficial charm. Although Medea initially wins Jason's, and later King Aegeus', trust and affection, this charm quickly fades as her chaotic, destructive tendencies come to the fore. To further explore the trait of superficial charm, we turn to the myth of the Pied Piper, where this characteristic plays a significant role in the narrative [26].
The Pied Piper
In Hamelin, a plague of rats overruns homes, devours food, and spreads disease. Desperate, the town leaders promise a rich reward to anyone who can rid them of the infestation. A mysterious stranger, dressed in bright clothes and carrying a flute, arrives and offers his help. The Piper plays a hypnotic tune that lures the rats from hiding, leading them to the Weser River, where they drown [27]. When the Piper returns to collect his reward, the townsfolk refuse to pay the agreed sum, offering only a fraction.
Angered by their betrayal, the Pied Piper vows revenge. He plays his flute again, but this time, the town's children are drawn to the music. Enchanted, they follow him out of the town. The Piper leads them to a mountain, where a hidden door opens in the rock. The children follow him inside, and the door closes behind them, sealing their fate. Despite the desperate search by the townsfolk, the children are lost forever.
Two children survive — a deaf boy, unable to hear the music, and a lame girl, who cannot keep up, are left behind. The Pied Piper's revenge serves as a grim warning about the costs of broken promises and the devastating power of charm when wielded for selfish ends.
Psychopathology of the Pied Piper
The Pied Piper's music symbolises the seductive power of superficial charm and the ease with which people can be deceived. The enchanting tune represents how charm can captivate and influence others, leading them to follow without question or understanding the potential consequences. Just as the children are mesmerised and led away, people can be drawn in by charisma, losing their ability to think independently. The story serves as a cautionary tale, warning of the dangers of being seduced by surface-level allure and the potential for deeper, more devastating consequences when superficial charm masks darker intentions.
The symbolism of the deaf boy and the lame girl in the Pied Piper story is particularly relevant to modern leadership. The deaf boy, who cannot hear the Piper's music, symbolises the importance of scepticism and critical thinking. Leaders who "cannot hear the music" are not easily swayed by superficial charm and are better equipped to guard against manipulation. The lame girl, who cannot follow the crowd, represents the value of independent thinking. Leaders who are not afraid to stand on the margins and do their research often make better, more informed decisions, even if it means facing the consequences of going against the grain. This symbolism serves as a reminder for today's leaders to be vigilant, to question surface-level allure, and to prioritise substance over style.
Joseph Stalin: An Archetypical Psychopathic Leader
The consensus among historians and psychologists is that Joseph Stalin was a psychopath, often cited as a prime example of how such individuals can rise to significant power and cause immense harm. Stalin's regime in the Soviet Union led to the deaths of millions, underscoring the dangers of psychopathic leaders.
Born in 1878 in Gori, Georgia, Stalin's early life was marked by poverty and an abusive father. Initially training for the priesthood, Stalin became radicalised and joined the Bolshevik movement. By 1912, he was a crucial figure in the Bolshevik Party and was critical in revolutionary activities. After Lenin died in 1924, Stalin outmanoeuvred rivals like Leon Trotsky, consolidating power through manipulation, deceit, and the ruthless elimination of opponents.
Stalin's psychopathic traits were central to his rise and the atrocities committed during his rule. His boldness was evident in his political manoeuvres, such as orchestrating purges to eliminate rivals. Coldness and callous manipulation were most apparent during the Great Purge, where millions were executed or imprisoned without remorse. His dishonesty underpinned his rule, as he manipulated facts and public perception to maintain power, often revising history. Stalin's profound lack of empathy was starkly illustrated during the Holodomor, a man-made famine that killed millions, which he dismissed as necessary for state progress [28]. His disregard for consequences, seen in his impulsive decisions like signing the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, a non-aggression agreement with Hitler’s Germany, further solidified his psychopathic profile [29].
Stalin's secondary psychopathic traits also contributed to his destructive leadership. His cruelty was infamous, especially in treating political enemies and close associates. Disinhibition was evident in the frequent purges driven by paranoia rather than evidence. His criminal versatility ranged from early criminal activities to state-sponsored terror. Stalin's irresponsibility was apparent in his policies, which caused mass suffering, for which he never accepted blame. Finally, Stalin's relationships were marked by suspicion and betrayal, leading to the execution of many close to him.
Despite his brutal nature, Stalin exhibited a superficial charm that allowed him to manipulate those around him effectively. He presented himself as a loyal follower of Lenin and a benevolent leader to the Soviet people while simultaneously orchestrating purges and repressing dissent. However, this charm was purely superficial, as those who fell for it were betrayed once they were no longer useful to him.
In summary, Stalin exemplified both primary and secondary psychopathic traits, with his superficial charm playing a pivotal role in his manipulation of allies and the public. His reign of terror is a stark reminder of the catastrophic consequences that can arise when a psychopath gains power.
Implications of Psychopathic Leaders in Organisations
Psychopaths may achieve medium-term success in the workplace, with traits like boldness and fearless dominance driving positive commercial outcomes. However, the darker side of these traits — unfiltered risk-taking, insufficient concern for consequences, indifference to the needs of others, and a total lack of empathy — inevitably store up significant risks that manifest disastrously over time. These behaviours erode company culture and lead to ruinous outcomes. Leaders like Kenneth Lay of Enron and Fred "the Shred" Goodwin of RBS exemplify how manipulative, aggressive risk-taking can culminate in financial collapse, legal troubles, and long-term reputational damage.
From the organisation's perspective, the presence of psychopathic leaders not only devastates employee morale but also corrodes the overall work culture. These leaders, driven by self-serving agendas, undermine team cohesion and organisational performance. Their manipulative and callous behaviour damages employee well-being and stifles productivity. Over time, the cumulative effects of high employee turnover, reputational harm, and the breakdown of a collaborative, trustworthy culture become apparent, threatening the organisation's long-term sustainability.
Dark Tetrad Archetypes Summary Characteristics
We have crafted detailed profiles of all four Dark Tetrad archetypes over the last two articles. The landscape of these traits can be confusing due to their overlapping characteristics and the challenge of assigning motives based on singular observations. The table below provides a side-by-side comparison of the main traits of Machiavellians, narcissists, psychopaths and sadists, highlighting their defining characteristics. This summary aims to help readers better understand the similarities and differences between these dark personality types.
# Defining – primary observable traits that help distinguish one Dark Tetrad Archetype from the others
# Psychopath – refers to high-functioning psychopathy. Criminality is defining in less high-functioning psychopathy.
Summary
This article delves into the intricate and destructive traits of narcissism and psychopathy within leadership, examining how these characteristics not only jeopardise individual and team dynamics but also threaten the long-term stability and ethical foundation of organisations. Narcissists, driven by grandiosity and an insatiable need for admiration, often make self-serving decisions that stifle performance, undermine trust, and create a toxic work environment where only enhancing and reinforcing their grandiose view of themselves is prioritised. This behaviour leads to a breakdown in team morale, increased turnover, and a culture that sacrifices integrity for superficial success.
On the other hand, psychopaths, characterised by their fearless dominance, superficial charm, and complete lack of empathy, often rise to power by manipulating others and making bold, risky decisions without regard for the consequences. While these traits might bring short-term commercial gains, the long-term impact is devastating. Psychopathic leaders, such as Kenneth Lay of Enron and Fred "the Shred" Goodwin of RBS, demonstrate how their callous manipulation and aggressive risk-taking can result in financial collapse, legal troubles, and enduring reputational damage. The insidious nature of these traits not only disrupts employee morale but also corrodes the organisational culture, leading to a breakdown of trust, collaboration, and ethical standards.
Organisations must prioritise better recruitment processes, rigorous performance management, and robust talent and succession practices that emphasise ethical behaviour and long-term stability over short-term gains to mitigate the risks posed by such destructive leadership.
Beware the seductive power of superficial charm. Embrace healthy scepticism, question group-think, and protect yourself from manipulation by staying alert to the dangers of deceptive leaders.
References
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Footnote
[1] We introduced this story in an earlier article, "The Apple of Discord”, which discusses Machiavellianism and narcissism.
[2] This wedding is famously known for being the event to which Eris, the goddess of discord, was not invited. In response, she threw a golden apple inscribed, "For the Fairest" among the guests, sparking a dispute that ultimately led to the Trojan War. For more details, see the article, "The Apple of Discord."
[3] Achilles is aware of the prophecy regarding his life from his mother Thetis. The Iliad does not specify how Thetis knew of the two potential fates awaiting Achilles.
[4] Prometheus, known for his foresight, revealed to Zeus that Thetis' future son would be more powerful than his father. To prevent any potential threat to his rule, Zeus arranged for Thetis to marry the mortal Peleus, ensuring that her child, Achilles, would not challenge him. This prophecy played a significant role in Zeus ultimately permitting Hercules to free Prometheus from his eternal punishment.
[5] The River Styx is a sacred place where the gods made their most consequential oaths. In Greek mythology, the river is the boundary between life and death, a mystical place where transition occurs, and the unknown is encountered. For Achilles, it provisions his near invincibility yet symbolises the fragile balance between his life and death.
[6] Chiron, a wise and noble centaur, was renowned in Greek mythology as the greatest of teachers and healers. Unlike other centaurs, known for their wild nature, Chiron was distinguished by his kindness, intelligence and vast knowledge. He tutored many legendary Greek heroes, including Achilles, Asclepius, Jason, and Hercules. Chiron's death came when he was accidently shot by Hercules with a poisoned arrow. Though immortal, the unbearable pain led him to willingly give up his immortality.
[7] We met Odysseus in the articles "Wilful Blindness and the Fall of Troy" and "Harnessing Hydras".
[8] Briseis was a noblewoman from Lyrnessus, a city allied with Troy. She was betrothed to Mynes, the son of King Evenus. Achilles killed Mynes during the sacking of Lyrnessus.
[9] Agamemnon is introduced in the article, "Apple of Discord." He sacrifices his daughter, Iphigenia, to appease the gods. After the Trojan War, he is murdered by his wife, Clytemnestra.
[10] Agamemnon’s war prize was Chryseis, the daughter of a priest of Apollo. When Apollo’s priest was dishonoured, Apollo unleashed a plague on the Greek camp. Agamemnon consulted the seer Calchas, who revealed that returning Chryseis was the only way to appease Apollo and end the plague.
[11] Patroclus was Achilles' close companion and confidant, typically described as his dearest friend. Their bond was deep, characterised by loyalty and affection.
[12] Hector was a prince of Troy and the eldest son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba. As the leader of the Trojan forces during the Trojan War, he was the city's greatest warrior, known for his courage, strength and sense of duty.
[13] When Hector kills Patroclus, he treats the body with respect, according to the customs of the time. This contrasts sharply with Achilles' behaviour.
[14] Hector has Achilles' original armour — taken from the slain Patroclus, a customary practice. His mother, Thetis, aware that Achilles' return to the battle would seal his fate, had new armour forged for him by the god Hephaestus, including a shield of unmatched craftsmanship. The new armour symbolises the ferocity with which Achilles returns to the fray.
[15] Paris was Hector's younger brother and played a key role in starting the Trojan War by abducting Helen. We are introduced to him in the article, “Apple of Discord”. Unlike the heroic Hector, Paris was not a skilled warrior and was known for his reliance on archery, which was viewed as less honourable than direct combat.
[16] Kleos drives Achilles. Kleos is a Greek concept of glory or fame achieved through heroic deeds, ensuring one's legacy is remembered for generations.
[17] The Argonauts included Jason, Hercules, Orpheus, Theseus, Castor and Pollux, Atalanta, Peleus (father of Achilles), and Zetes and Calais (the winged sons of Boreas). Hercules departed from the quest early to search for his lost companion, Hylas, and did not rejoin the group.
[18] In Greek mythology, the Argo is reputed to be the first ship ever built. It symbolises heroic adventure, divine favour, and human innovation. The ship was constructed with its beam made from prophetic wood, specifically the sacred oak of Dodona, which foreshadowed the tragic fate of Jason.
[19] The Harpies were winged spirits known for stealing and tormenting their victims. The Clashing Rocks were treacherous rocks that crushed ships attempting to pass between them. And the Stymphalian birds were man-eating birds with metallic feathers.
[20] Hera instructed Eros to shoot Medea with a love arrow, ensuring her devotion to Jason. Motivated by her vendetta against King Pelias, Hera aimed to use Medea's love to help Jason succeed in reclaiming his rightful throne.
[21] Jason and Medea visited Circe, Medea's aunt, for purification after Medea killed her brother, hoping it would quell the gods' anger and make the Argonauts' return journey less perilous.
[22] The Sirens, featured in the Odyssey, were enchanting creatures whose songs lured sailors to their doom. Talos was a giant automated bronze statue guarding Crete, defeated by Medea in some myths. Scylla is a six-headed sea monster and Charybdis as a deadly whirlpool. We met Scylla in the article, "An Apple of Discord", in reference to Circe's sadism.
[23] Different accounts vary on how Medea killed her children — some say by stabbing, others by magic or fire. The motive remains consistent: to inflict maximum suffering on Jason.
[24] The dragons symbolise Medea's transition to a new beginning and escape from retribution. They represent her formidable power, divine connection, and the destructive nature of her revenge.
[25] Theseus, famed for slaying the Minotaur, first encountered Medea as one of the Argonauts. Again, illustrating her readiness to betray even those she knows to secure her ambitions.
[26] The tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, originating from German folklore and first referenced in a stained-glass window in Hamelin around 1300, was later popularised by the Brothers Grimm amongst others.
[27] I prefer the version where the Pied Piper introduces the rats into the town, adding a layer of deceit and manipulation to his character, making the promised reward seem more ludicrous in hindsight. In the traditional tale, it is unclear why the rats are there or why they cannot be easily eliminated.
[28] The Holodomor was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933, orchestrated by Stalin. It resulted in the deaths of an estimated 3.5 to 7 million Ukrainians. Stalin's hatred for Ukraine stemmed from its resistance to Soviet policies and its strong nationalist movements, which threatened his control over the region.
[29] The signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact temporarily secured the Soviet Union from a German invasion, but it ultimately backfired when Germany surprised Stalin and broke the agreement in 1941, launching Operation Barbarossa and catching the Soviet Union unprepared, resulting in devastating losses for the USSR.